Electric Charges and Fields Class 12 Physics ka pehla chapter hai — Coulomb law, electric field aur Gauss theorem yahan cover hote hain. Yahan aapko is chapter ke sabse important formulas aur quick revision points free milte hain — NCERT/CBSE syllabus ke hisaab se, boards aur JEE/NEET dono ke liye.
Important Formulas & Concepts — Electric Charges and Fields
- Coulomb law: F = kq₁q₂/r²; k = 9 × 10⁹ N·m²/C²
- E = F/q₀ = kQ/r² (point charge)
- Dipole moment p = q × 2a
- E axial = 2kp/r³; E equatorial = kp/r³
- Torque on dipole: τ = pE·sinθ; U = −pE·cosθ
- Gauss theorem: ∮E·dA = q_enc/ε₀
- Infinite wire: E = λ/2πε₀r; infinite sheet: E = σ/2ε₀
- Charged shell: andar E = 0, bahar E = kQ/r²
Quick Revision Points
- Charge quantized hai: q = ne
- Field lines kabhi intersect nahi karti
- Gauss law symmetric distributions ke liye — wire, sheet, sphere
- Dipole equatorial field axial ka aadha (same r)
- Conductor ke andar E = 0 (electrostatic condition)
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FAQ
Gauss law ke applications important hain?
Bahut — wire, sheet aur shell ke derivations boards mein regular 5-markers hain.
Complete notes mein kya visual hai?
Field-lines maps, Gauss surfaces ke diagrams aur formula sheet ek saath.
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