Hydrocarbons mein alkanes, alkenes, alkynes aur benzene ki preparation aur reactions aate hain — Organic ka sabse reaction-heavy Class 11 chapter. Yahan aapko is chapter ke sabse important formulas aur quick revision points free milte hain — NCERT/CBSE syllabus ke hisaab se, boards aur JEE/NEET dono ke liye.
Important Formulas & Concepts — Hydrocarbons
- Wurtz reaction: 2R−X + 2Na → R−R (alkane, symmetric)
- Markovnikov: H⁺ us carbon par jisme H zyada; peroxide effect (anti-M) sirf HBr ke saath
- Ozonolysis: alkene + O₃ → carbonyl compounds (position of C=C batata hai)
- Hydration: alkene + H₂O/H⁺ → alcohol (Markovnikov)
- Alkyne + HgSO₄/H₂SO₄ → ketone (except ethyne → acetaldehyde)
- Friedel-Crafts: benzene + RX/AlCl₃ → alkylbenzene
- Nitration: benzene + conc.HNO₃/H₂SO₄ → nitrobenzene
- Baeyer test: alkene KMnO₄ ka pink colour decolorize karta hai
Quick Revision Points
- Terminal alkynes acidic hote hain (ammoniacal AgNO₃ se white ppt)
- Benzene addition nahi, substitution deta hai (aromaticity preserve)
- o/p-directors: OH, NH₂, CH₃, X; m-directors: NO₂, CHO, COOH
- Kharasch (peroxide) effect sirf HBr — HCl/HI nahi
- Ozonolysis products se alkene structure identify karna classic question hai
📘 Complete Visual Notes + Formula Sheet PDF
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FAQ
Reactions kaise yaad karun?
Complete PDF mein reaction maps hain — ek chart par preparation + properties, ratta kam ho jata hai.
JEE mein hydrocarbons se kya aata hai?
Markovnikov/anti-M, ozonolysis structure identification aur directive influence — regular questions.
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