Thermodynamics Class 11 Chemistry Notes – Formulas & Quick Revision

Chemistry Thermodynamics mein enthalpy, entropy aur Gibbs energy aate hain — spontaneity ka poora concept yahi hai. Yahan aapko is chapter ke sabse important formulas aur quick revision points free milte hain — NCERT/CBSE syllabus ke hisaab se, boards aur JEE/NEET dono ke liye.

Important Formulas & Concepts — Thermodynamics

• First law: ΔU = q + w (chemistry sign convention)
• w = −P_ext·ΔV; reversible: w = −nRT·ln(V₂/V₁)
• ΔH = ΔU + Δn_g·RT
• Hess law: ΔH_total = Σ steps ke ΔH
• ΔH_reaction = Σ bond energies (reactants) − Σ (products)
• ΔS = q_rev/T; ΔS_universe > 0 for spontaneous
• Gibbs: ΔG = ΔH − TΔS; spontaneous jab ΔG < 0
• ΔG° = −RT·lnK = −2.303RT·logK

Quick Revision Points

• ΔG < 0 spontaneous, = 0 equilibrium, > 0 non-spontaneous
• ΔH < 0 + ΔS > 0 = hamesha spontaneous
• Chemistry mein w = compression positive (Physics se ulta sign convention)
• State functions: U, H, S, G; path functions: q, w
• Standard conditions: 1 bar, 298 K

FAQ

ΔG wale conceptual questions kaise karu?

PDF mein ΔH-ΔS-T ki spontaneity table hai — chaaron cases ek nazar mein.

Hess law numericals tough lagte hain?

Complete notes mein cycle-method se solved examples hain — pattern same hota hai.

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